• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Opinions
    • Top 30
    • Research
    • Supply Chain
    • Device Sectors
    • Directory
    • Events
    • Resources
    • Microsites
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Opinions
  • Top 30
  • Research
  • Supply Chain
  • Device Sectors
  • Directory
  • Events
  • Resources
  • Microsites
  • Current / Back Issues
    Features
    Editorial
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Reprints
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    Top Features
    Pharmaceutical Focus: A Look at Combination Products

    The Printed World: Additive Manufacturing in Medtech

    The Lost Year: 2020 Year in Review

    Extrusion Evolution

    Little Big Parts: Micromolding Under the Microscope
    OEM News
    Supplier News
    Service / Press Releases
    Online Exclusives
    Press Releases
    People in the News
    Product & Service Releases
    Supplier News
    Medtech Makers
    Technical Features
    International News
    Videos
    Product & Service Releases
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Optimize EP Launches CaRM Cardiac Device Data Management Platform

    U.S. TAVR Market Projected to Reach Nearly $5 Billion by 2030

    FDA Clears Canon Medical's Compressed SPEEDER for 3D Exams on 1.5T MR

    Cognito Therapeutics’ Lead Product Receives FDA Breakthrough Device Designation

    Moon Surgical Expands Leadership Team
    From the Editor
    Blogs
    Guest Opinions
    Top Opinions
    Pharmaceutical Focus: A Look at Combination Products

    The Printed World: Additive Manufacturing in Medtech

    The Lost Year: 2020 Year in Review

    Extrusion Evolution

    Little Big Parts: Micromolding Under the Microscope
    Top 30 Medical Device Companies
    Market Data
    White Papers
    Top Research
    Fixing Face Mask Form and Function

    The Heart of the Matter: Trends in Cardiology

    Virtually the Same? The Challenges of Online Conferences

    Digital Health Delivers During a Year for the Ages

    Advanced Technology for Staking and Swaging Medical Plastics
    3D/Additive Manufacturing
    Contract Manufacturing
    Electronics
    Machining & Laser Processing
    Materials
    Molding
    Packaging & Sterilization
    R&D & Design
    Software & IT
    Testing
    Tubing & Extrusion
    Cardiovascular
    Diagnostics
    Digital Health
    Neurological
    Patient Monitoring
    Surgical
    Orthopedics
    All Companies
    Categories
    Company Capabilities
    Add New Company
    Outsourcing Directory
    Concise Engineering

    Medicoil

    Unicep

    Element

    MW Life Sciences
    MPO Summit
    Industry Events
    Webinars
    Live From Show Event
    Industry Associations
    Videos
    Career Central
    eBook
    Slideshows
    Top Resources
    Meeting Critical Ventilator Product Requirements Amid Pandemic

    Impact of COVID-19 on the Medtech Supply Chain

    Finding the Upside to a Challenging Year

    Preparing Your Design Controls for FDA Approval

    A 'Trial and Error' Approach to Micromolded Parts
    Companies
    News Releases
    Product Releases
    Press Releases
    Product Spec Sheets
    Service Releases
    Case Studies
    White Papers
    Brochures
    Videos
    Outsourcing Directory
    PTI Engineered Plastics Inc.

    K-Tube Technologies

    Medbio LLC

    Medicoil

    maxon
    • Magazine
      • Current/Back Issues
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Editions
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • News
    • Directory
      • All Companies
      • ALL CATEGORIES
      • Industry Associations
      • Company Capabilities
      • Add Your Company
    • Supply Chain
      • 3D/Additive Manufacturing
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Electronics
      • Machining & Laser Processing
      • Materials
      • Molding
      • Packaging & Sterilization
      • R&D & Design
      • Software & IT
      • Testing
      • Tubing & Extrusion
    • Device Sectors
      • Cardiovascular
      • Diagnostics
      • Digital Health
      • Neurological
      • Patient Monitoring
      • Surgical
      • Orthopedics
    • Top 30 Company Report
    • Expert Insights
    • Slideshows
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Resources
    • eBook
    • Infographics
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • White Papers
      • Case Studies
      • Product Spec Sheets
      • Market Data
    • MPO Summit
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Microsite
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • Product Spec Sheets
      • Services
      • White Papers / Tech Papers
      • Press Releases
      • Videos
      • Literature / Brochures
      • Case Studies
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise with Us
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Columns

    The Human Factor

    ...

    The Human Factor
    Related CONTENT
    • VivaLNK Expands its Medical Data Platform
    • How Design Controls Can Prevent Medical Device Recalls
    • Pharmaceutical Focus: A Look at Combination Products
    • Connected Health Driving Demand for Comprehensive Electronics Solutions
    • Defibtech Selects New CEO
    Steve Maylish and Dave Hines, Fusion Biotec05.01.17
    Humans come in all shapes and sizes, ages, and abilities. Sometimes they aren’t logical. Engineers come with logical, rational minds, but sometimes don’t consider emotional behavior. Factoring humans into device design is not always a predictable process, but as of a year ago, human factors and design controls are joined at the hip.

    For industrial designers, human factors have long been part of the design process, but in the past many companies considered it an unnecessary expense. As of last April, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires use-related risks to be identified, mitigated, and validated as part of a formal risk analysis process for premarket submissions.

    Human factors, as defined by the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI), are “…the application of knowledge about human capabilities (physical, sensory, emotional, and intellectual) and limitations to the design and development of tools, devices, systems, environments, and organizations….” The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) defines usability as “characteristic of the user interface that establishes effectiveness, efficiency, ease of user learning and user satisfaction.” Therefore, human factors are applied to improve usability.

    Historically, FDA risk analysis emphasized physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical, radiation, and biological hazards. These were based on actual device or component failures. As failure trends were analyzed, however, it became apparent that just as many issues resulted from the usability of a device. These can be as varied as not comprehending the instructions-for-use manual because of poor wording, a screen font too small for the elderly to read, wrong buttons being pushed because their spacing is too close, or a confusing message on the display. Consider the consequences of a badly worded direction read by a non-native English speaker.

    For devices where “the results of risk analysis indicate that use errors could cause serious harm to the patient or the device user,” the FDA requires human factors and usability as part of the design control process. Now, use-related risks must be identified and mitigated using the risk analysis process, and designers must conduct human factors/usability validation testing on those mitigations involving significant use-related risks. This reads like a serial process, but any industrial designer will inform that it’s iterative. Representative users in simulated-use testing should tryout a device and uncover any unanticipated hazards over the entire design cycle.


    Industrial design should start early in the development process so there’s time to iterate. Often, industrial design/human factors starts before the design inputs are complete, during a feasibility phase. This early discovery process initially defines the problem the potential device is solving. This process can include contextual inquiry, research analysis, concept exploration, communicating results, and iterating the design.

    The main theme an industrial designer brings to the table is “the human comes first.” One of the most difficult areas in the design process is the human interface, whether a wearable device or a display screen. Industrial designers are taught, and most often have, a natural instinct and empathy toward the user. Early in design school, the design student is introduced to critical thinking and the design process or “design methodology.” The first step to any design process is to define who the user is, the environment of the user, and how they will use the product. Why is there a need for the product in the first place? Is there any history of the product to be designed? Are there similar products in the current market?

    Defining these issues reveals current problems to avoid and advantages or beneficial ideas to apply. Some tools industrial designers employ to better understand the user are: real-time observation of the user in his or her environment, workflow mapping, quick execution or rapid visualization sketches (to create good ideas and flush out bad ones), and mock up studies (to give an idea in 3D form of the impact of size, shape, and volume). The mock up will also start to define arrangement or hierarchy of buttons, handles, switches, doors, display angle, display location or size, etc.

    It’s important to understand the designer has a tried and true methodology. Every tool the designer uses is meant to facilitate decisions quickly and painlessly, which ultimately impacts the success of the product. As an example, it’s much easier to throw out a sketch idea that took two hours (inexpensive), than a 3D rendering that took 20 hours (quite costly). The form logic defined by user studies will quickly define the “look.” This gives the designer a great starting point to define the direction of the products’ visual branding.

    Once early concepts are agreed upon, features, concepts, ergonomics, colors, texture, and feel are explored. Quick execution renderings are more easily created and modified than SolidWorks files, allowing for quick turns and iterations that generate additional ideas. Early in the process is the time to explore usability, human factors, ergonomics, and user interaction. Using rough models, the various embodiments of the design concepts are explored for their effect on the client’s perception, interaction with the product, and potential use errors. There are always follow-on refinements and iterations. The user and designer will also evaluate how well the device fits its environment.

    On the software side, a user interface can be tested via simulation on a laptop or tablet computer. Start with a wireframe (flow chart) of the software screens and first develop the “world” your software will live in. What are the common menu items? How does one navigate from screen to screen? What is the design style or “look” of the interface? An industrial designer or artist with experience in the latest screen styles can be very useful here. 

    Once the screen design rules are established, the entire graphical user interface (GUI) can be modeled using a design tool. The design tool runs on a computer, has all of the screen-to-screen links, and can create the actual look of the GUI. The net result is an accurate simulation of how the actual software will look and operate.

    Potential end users can then perform an assessment to evaluate ease-of-use and identify potential use errors, such as lack of information or inability to understand the screen. Tools such as MockupScreens, ForeUi, or even MS PowerPoint can create screen mockups. Other methods of simulated-use testing involve tools that will compile the actual code into a version that runs in a demo mode. Languages such at QT or Java, or WxWidgets with C++ or python can be great for this process. Exploration in a methodical way from the very beginning produces an end product with much greater potential for market success.

    Human Factors Examples
    One company decided to get its product out and in the hands of users without human factors and usability studies. The product was well received, but once the sales group had to carry it onto planes, it became apparent the height of the device was oversized by an inch. If this had been considered in the beginning, the device would have been designed with different dimensional requirements and no added cost. Instead, the enclosure had to be redesigned, which had a ripple effect throughout the device’s internal components and mounting hardware.

    Another company was developing a software GUI for a medical device to be used by consumers. The designers, being young with strong eyesight, had no problem viewing the small details they had designed into the display screens. But in testing older users, it was clear all of the fonts needed to be larger and the fine detail of the screen was confusing.

    If done well, the human factors effort should improve the design, improve usability, and add features and benefits not previously considered. As far as the FDA is concerned, human factors and usability should prove the development was based on feedback from representative users and the device was validation tested to confirm it can be used safely and effectively under the expected use conditions.

    Concerning human factors, the FDA states, “The testing should be comprehensive in scope, adequately sensitive to capture use errors caused by the design of the user interface, and should be performed such that the results can be generalized to actual use.”

    Human factors validation testing criteria, according to the FDA:
    • The test participants represent the intended (actual) users of the device.
    • All critical tasks are performed during the test.
    • The device user interface represents the final design.
    • The test conditions are sufficiently realistic to represent actual conditions of use.
    A new component to the usability work is documentation. According to the FDA: “Documenting your risk management, HFE/UE (Human Factors Engineering/Usability Engineering) testing, and design optimization processes (e.g., in your design history file as part of your design controls) provides evidence that you considered the needs of the intended users in the design of your new device and determined that the device is safe and effective for the intended users, uses and use environments. When it is required, providing information about these processes as part of a premarket submission for a new device will reduce the need for requests for additional information and facilitate FDA’s review of all HFE/UE information contained in your submission…”

    The FDA proposes a report format that addresses usability concerns during the development process. The report should contain the following topics:
    1. Descriptions of intended device users, uses, use environments, and training
    2. Description of device user interface
    3. Summary of known use problems
    4. Analysis of hazards and risks associated with use of the device
    5. Summary of preliminary analyses and evaluations
    6. Conclusion
    Number 4 identifies and adds use hazards to the formal risk analysis process. Use hazards must be evaluated for severity, probability of occurrence, and detectability. Mitigations need to be identified and demonstrated to reduce risk through validation testing to an acceptable level. The report should describe the identification, evaluation, and final assessment of all serious use-related hazards for the device.

    The FDA does an excellent job of describing its expectations in the guidance entitled, “Applying Human Factors and Usability Engineering to Medical Devices.” This new process, as of a year ago, pulls use-related risks into the design control process. For the FDA, the largest concern is possible user errors causing serious harm to the patient or operator. For medical device companies, avoiding post-launch issues as users struggle with training, find the interface confusing, don’t like working with the device, or eventually experience repetitive stress injury should also be extremely important. The best way to meet the new requirements is to enlist an industrial designer to be a critical member of your development team. 


    Steve Maylish has been part of the medical device community for more than 30 years. He is currently chief commercial officer for Fusion Biotec, an Irvine, Calif.-based contract engineering firm that brings together art, science, and engineering to create medical devices. Early in his career, Maylish held positions at Fortune 100 corporations such as Johnson & Johnson, Shiley, Sorin Group, Baxter Healthcare, and Edwards Lifesciences.

    Dave Hines is an inventive and experienced top-level industrial designer with exceptional project management and presentation skills. With over 25 years in the industrial design profession he has consistently demonstrated the ability to design and produce useful and highly marketable products. His designs have been featured in international design yearbooks and design magazines. He is credited with numerous design awards, design patents and was featured on the TV show, “American Inventor.” Hines has a BS in industrial and product design from California State University, Long Beach.
    Related Searches
    • Medical Devices
    • baxter
    • medical
    • company
    Related Knowledge Center
    • R&D & Design
    • Testing
    Suggested For You
    VivaLNK Expands its Medical Data Platform VivaLNK Expands its Medical Data Platform
    How Design Controls Can Prevent Medical Device Recalls How Design Controls Can Prevent Medical Device Recalls
    Pharmaceutical Focus: A Look at Combination Products Pharmaceutical Focus: A Look at Combination Products
    Connected Health Driving Demand for Comprehensive Electronics Solutions Connected Health Driving Demand for Comprehensive Electronics Solutions
    Defibtech Selects New CEO Defibtech Selects New CEO
     Gynesonics Names Vice President of Manufacturing Gynesonics Names Vice President of Manufacturing
    Why Manage, If You Can Lead? Why Manage, If You Can Lead?
    SPR Therapeutics Appoints New Member to Board of Directors SPR Therapeutics Appoints New Member to Board of Directors
    Edwards Found to Infringe on Boston Scientific Patents in Germany and U.K. Edwards Found to Infringe on Boston Scientific Patents in Germany and U.K.
    First in Man First in Man
    The Consumerization of Healthcare The Consumerization of Healthcare
    Trump’s 100-Day (Plus) Plan for Medtech M&A Trump’s 100-Day (Plus) Plan for Medtech M&A
    NeoChord Names Board Chairman NeoChord Names Board Chairman
    Verb Surgical Demonstrates First Digital Surgery Prototype Verb Surgical Demonstrates First Digital Surgery Prototype
    Edwards Lifesciences Completes Acquisition of Valtech Cardio Edwards Lifesciences Completes Acquisition of Valtech Cardio

    Related Columns

    • Contract Manufacturing | R&D & Design
      Trends for Medtech Contract R&D and Manufacturing

      Trends for Medtech Contract R&D and Manufacturing

      Over the past 10 years, medtech manufacturers from startups to giants have grown their levels of outsourcing to contract R&D and manufacturing partners.
      Maria Shepherd, President and Founder, Medi-Vantage 09.01.20

    • R&D & Design | Surgical
      Sparking Innovation as We Struggle to Find the New Normal

      Sparking Innovation as We Struggle to Find the New Normal

      The goal is to find the best ideas to support orthopedic patients adjusting to additional pain and immobility while they wait for elective surgeries.
      Dawn A. Lissy, Founder & President, Empirical 06.04.20

    • R&D & Design
      Disposable Design: Consider All Interfaces

      Disposable Design: Consider All Interfaces

      The disposable component is becoming more challenging as products get smaller and more complex.
      Will DeMore, Mechanical Engineer, Key Technologies Inc. 06.04.20


    • Testing
      Going Beyond the Regulations to Evaluate Relevant Medical Device Risk

      Going Beyond the Regulations to Evaluate Relevant Medical Device Risk

      Companies need to review their testing plan so it supports a successful submission, saves time, and ensures the long-term success of their product.
      Sherry Parker, Ph.D., Senior Director of Regulatory Toxicology, WuXi AppTec Medical Device Testing 06.04.20

    • R&D & Design
      Why Outsourcing Is in: Piecing Out Projects Makes Sense

      Why Outsourcing Is in: Piecing Out Projects Makes Sense

      Getting outside help is a trend both large and small medical device companies are following as outsourcing engineering services continues to gain traction.
      Dawn A. Lissy, President & Founder, Empirical 04.01.20

    • R&D & Design
      Top 10 Considerations for Medtech Inventors

      Top 10 Considerations for Medtech Inventors

      If you or your employer is interested in protecting an invention, then filing a patent application may be the way to go.
      Ryan Connell and Doug Portnow, Schwegman Lundberg & Woessner 04.01.20


    • R&D & Design
      Supercharge Medical Device Innovation Using Effective User Preference Studies

      Supercharge Medical Device Innovation Using Effective User Preference Studies

      User preference and evaluation studies have been a mainstay design tool for medical device development for decades.
      Philip Remedios, Principal, Director of Design & Development, BlackHägen Design 04.01.20

    • Testing
      The Importance of Usability/Human Factors Testing

      The Importance of Usability/Human Factors Testing

      When is the work of human factors over, and how does your team know they are prepared for summative testing?
      Maria Shepherd, President and Founder, Medi-Vantage 03.04.20

    • Materials | Testing
      Particle Particulars: Why this Analysis Is Foundational for Successful Devices

      Particle Particulars: Why this Analysis Is Foundational for Successful Devices

      In the mid-2000s, medical device experts were hopeful they’d found one solution to longer-lasting implants.
      Dawn A. Lissy, President & Founder, Empirical 03.04.20


    • R&D & Design | Testing
      FDA Guidelines for Employing X-ray Inspection in Medical Device Development

      FDA Guidelines for Employing X-ray Inspection in Medical Device Development

      Different materials exhibit different radiopacity as a function of material composition (i.e. atomic weight) and thickness.
      Gil Zweig, President, Glenbrook Technologies 01.29.20

    • Digital Health | R&D & Design
      Speed Up or Risk Stepping Down: The New Reality of the Connected Healthcare Development Cycle

      Speed Up or Risk Stepping Down: The New Reality of the Connected Healthcare Development Cycle

      Digital health and connected devices are an extraordinary new tool for delivering on improving patient outcomes.
      Joe McBeth, VP Global Supply Chain, Jabil Healthcare 01.29.20

    • R&D & Design
      Perfecting Drug Delivery Device Design

      Perfecting Drug Delivery Device Design

      Unlike medical products that just need to work, drug delivery devices must also consider intuitiveness, usability, and how it makes the user feel when operated.
      Bryce G. Rutter, Ph.D., Founder & CEO, Metaphase Design Group Inc. 11.04.19


    • Testing
      Managing Risks for Medical Devices:  A Guide to Understanding ISO 14971

      Managing Risks for Medical Devices: A Guide to Understanding ISO 14971

      The intent of ISO 14971 is to provide a general “bird’s-eye view” approach to designing and implementing a risk management plan for medical devices.
      Helin Räägel, Ph.D., Biocompatibility Expert, Nelson Labs 10.08.19

    • Testing
      Preparing for MDR: Test In-House or Outsource?

      Preparing for MDR: Test In-House or Outsource?

      As the EU MDR deadline draws near, manufacturers are under pressure to bring products into compliance and get submissions in front of regulators ASAP.
      Sandi Schaible, Senior Director, Analytical Chemistry and Regulatory Toxicology, WuXi Medical Device Testing 10.08.19

    • R&D & Design
      Best Practices for Industrial Design in the Medical Device Space

      Best Practices for Industrial Design in the Medical Device Space

      This article will outline unique concerns in the medical space and how proper attention to special design considerations is critical.
      Bartosz Korec, Lead Industrial Designer, BlackHägen Design 10.08.19


    Trending
    • STERIS To Buy Cantel Medical For $4.6B
    • Meeting Critical Ventilator Product Requirements Amid Pandemic
    • Cytotron Gains Breakthrough Status To Treat Breast, Liver, And Pancreatic Cancers
    • Portable, Home-Use Device Quickly Measures Inflammation Levels
    • Medtech Matters: Talking Robotic Surgery With Zimmer Biomet
    Breaking News
    • Optimize EP Launches CaRM Cardiac Device Data Management Platform
    • U.S. TAVR Market Projected to Reach Nearly $5 Billion by 2030
    • FDA Clears Canon Medical's Compressed SPEEDER for 3D Exams on 1.5T MR
    • Cognito Therapeutics’ Lead Product Receives FDA Breakthrough Device Designation
    • Moon Surgical Expands Leadership Team
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    November/December 2020

    • Pharmaceutical Focus: A Look at Combination Products
    • The Printed World: Additive Manufacturing in Medtech
    • The Lost Year: 2020 Year in Review
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    Brown Fat Associated with Reductions in Chronic Disease Risk
    NIH Study Identifies Antibacterial Properties in Taurine
    NSF Begins New Certification Program
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Zeppelin Acquires MTI Mischtechnik
    Ezio Braggio Joins ChemQuest Europe
    IFS Coatings Announce Carbon Offset Program
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    Optimize EP Launches CaRM Cardiac Device Data Management Platform
    U.S. TAVR Market Projected to Reach Nearly $5 Billion by 2030
    FDA Clears Canon Medical's Compressed SPEEDER for 3D Exams on 1.5T MR
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    KORSCH, MEDELPHARM Partner on R&D Equipment Portfolio
    Frontage Bolsters Clinical Services Capabilities
    Sanofi Unveils EUROAPI as Name of New European API Company
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Neenah to Host Packaging Webinar for Printers
    W.S. Badger is Named a ‘150 Top Impact Company’
    Mana Products, Meiyume and RPG Form The Vertical Beauty Alliance
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Amyris Named a Top Social & Environmental Impact Company
    L'Oréal Bans Animal Hair in Brushes
    Ashland Launches Antaron ECo Gel
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    dar-tech, inc. Becomes U.S. Midwestern Distributor for ZS Interpolymer
    Techkon USA, Konica Minolta Partner
    Alon Bar-Shany Appointed Chairman of Highcon Board
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Exhibitor registration opens for virtual.drupa
    FTA planning in-person Forum & INFOFLEX
    Fortis Solutions Group achieves SGP certification
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    Shemesh Adds U.S. Headquarters
    TZMO USA, Special Needs Group Form Partnership
    BAHP Announces 2021 Officers, Board of Directors
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Rapid Recovery Protocol Can Lead to Increased Range of Motion After TKA
    Boston Scientific Releases WaveWriter Alpha Spinal Cord Stimulators in U.S.
    New Chief Clinical Officer on Board at IncludeHealth
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Roadsimple Modernizes Warehouse Ops with Zebra Technologies
    Toppan Announces 2050 Environmental Vision
    SOI Industry Consortium Joins SEMI as Strategic Association Partner

    Copyright © 2021 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login