A team of researchers led by the University of Minnesota has 3D printed lifelike artificial organ models that mimic the exact anatomical structure, mechanical properties, and look and feel of real organs. These patient-specific organ models, which include integrated soft sensors, can be used for practice surgeries to improve surgical outcomes in thousands of patients worldwide. 
The research was published in the journal Advanced Materials Technologies. The researchers are submitting a patent on this technology. 
 
“We are developing next-generation organ models for pre-operative practice. The organ models we are 3D printing are almost a perfect replica in terms of the look and feel of an individual’s organ, using our custom-built 3D printers,” said lead researcher Michael McAlpine, an associate professor of mechanical engineering in the University of Minnesota’s College of Science and Engineering and a 2017 recipient of the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE).
 
“We think these organ models could be ‘game-changers’ for helping surgeons better plan and practice for surgery. We hope this will save lives by reducing medical errors during surgery,” McAlpine added.
 
McAlpine said his team was originally contacted by Dr. Robert Sweet, a urologist at the University of Washington who previously worked at the University of Minnesota. Sweet was looking for more accurate 3D printed models of the prostate to practice surgeries.
 
Currently, most 3D printed organ models are made using hard plastics or rubbers. This limits their application for accurate prediction and replication of the organ’s physical behavior during surgery. There are significant differences in the way these organs look and feel compared to their biological counterparts. They can be too hard to cut or suture. They also lack an ability to provide quantitative feedback.
 
In this study, the research team took MRI scans and tissue samples from three patients’ prostates. Researchers tested the tissue and developed customized silicone-based inks that can be “tuned” to precisely match the mechanical properties of each patient’s prostate tissue. These unique inks were used in a custom-built 3D printer by researchers at the University of Minnesota. The researchers then attached soft, 3D printed sensors to the organ models and observed the reaction of the model prostates during compression tests and the application of various surgical tools. 
 
“The sensors could give surgeons real-time feedback on how much force they can use during surgery without damaging the tissue,” said Kaiyan Qiu, a University of Minnesota mechanical engineering postdoctoral researcher and lead author of the paper. “This could change how surgeons think about personalized medicine and pre-operative practice.”
 
In the future, researchers hope to use this new method to 3D print lifelike models of more complicated organs, using multiple inks. For instance, if the organ has a tumor or deformity, the surgeons would be able to see that in a patient-specific model and test various strategies for removing tumors or correcting complications. They also hope to someday explore applications beyond surgical practice.
 
“If we could replicate the function of these tissues and organs, we might someday even be able to create ‘bionic organs’ for transplants,” McAlpine said. “I call this the ‘Human X’ project. It sounds a bit like science fiction, but if these synthetic organs look, feel, and act like real tissue or organs, we don’t see why we couldn’t 3D print them on demand to replace real organs.” 
 
In addition to McAlpine, Qiu and Sweet, the 17-person research team included Ghazaleh Haghiashtiani, Shuang-Zhuang Guo, Ruitao Su, Zhijie Zhu, Fanben Meng, Sung Hyun Park from the University of Minnesota Department of Mechanical Engineering; Zichen Zhao from the University of Washington WWAMI Institute for Simulation in Healthcare; Badrinath R. Konety from the University of Minnesota Department of Urology; Mingyu He and Chih-Chang Chu from Cornell University Fiber Science and Biomedical Engineering Programs; Didarul B. Bhuiyan and Brenda M. Ogle from the University of Minnesota Department of Biomedical Engineering; Daniel A. Saltzman from the University of Minnesota Department of Surgery; and Paari Murugan from the University of Minnesota Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology. 
 
Researchers used the University of Minnesota Characterization Facility, the Polymer Characterization Facility, the Tissue Mechanics Lab, the Earl E. Bakken Medical Devices Center, the SimPORTAL, and Department of Radiology MRI equipment. The research team also received FEM simulation assistance from ANSYS, Inc.
 
This research was funded primarily by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), including the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. McAlpine holds the Benjamin Mayhugh Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, which also supports his research. 
 
Find more information on the study here.