Sweet Support: Researchers Develop Implantable Devices Powered by Body Sugar

It’s the primary source of energy for every cell in the human body.

So why not put it to good use?

United Kingdom researchers are attempting to answer that question by creating a new generation of implantable medical devices powered by natural sugars in the body. These products ultimately could help treat such afflictions as neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and heart conditions.

Led at the University of Bath and in collaboration with the Universities of Newcastle, Oxford, and Sheffield, the GLUTRONICS project will develop glucose-powered bioelectronics that can help patients with life-long conditions by eliminating the need for bulky battery packs that may need recharging or replacement. The project has received more than £2 million in funding.

Short for Glucose-fuelled ultra-low power implantable bioelectronics, GLUTRONICS addresses a critical challenge in modern healthcare: the invasiveness and limitations of current implantable devices. These rely heavily on batteries, which despite downsizing over time, still present issues. Batteries often account for more than 80% of a device’s volume and weight, and require risk-carrying surgeries for replacement, maintenance and hindering long-term use and patient comfort.

“The range of conditions that could be treated by miniature glucose-powered devices is extensive, from heart conditions to neurodegenerative diseases and diabetes,” said project leader Prof. Mirella Di Lorenzo, associate dean for International in the University of Bath’s Faculty of Engineering and Design and co-director of the Centre for Bioengineering & Biomedical Technologies (CBio). “Our ambition for GLUTRONICS is to advance research into glucose fuel cells beyond the state-of-the-art, with a system approach that goes beyond electrode chemistry, which researchers have been primarily focusing on to date, to include electronics, device-body integration strategies, manufacturing, regulatory frameworks and solutions co-developed by patients and the public.”

The project team is creating miniature, lightweight, long-lasting glucose fuel cells that convert sugars in bodily fluids into useful energy at the µW, or microwatt (one millionth of a watt) scale. These fuel cells will mimic the way organs extract the energy they need from sugars that are naturally present in physiological fluids and replenished with food.

“Medical devices provide significant benefit to patients with a range of diseases. The ability to charge in the same way the body fuels its own organs will remove the need to replace or recharge devices would create close integration with the device and overcome one of the major barriers in the area,” stated Prof. Alex Rothman, professor of Cardiology at the University of Sheffield and honorary consultant cardiologists at Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust.

By enabling unprecedented miniaturization without compromising power performance, GLUTRONICS could dramatically advance the usage and capabilities of implantable electronic devices such as pacemakers, electronic nerve stimulation devices, and diabetes monitors. This could help improve the quality of life for those living with an implantable bioelectronic device, and broaden the range of application opportunities, ultimately supporting precision therapy and effective management of chronic diseases.

“In the short term, we are keen to adapt implantable systems to fully characterize fuel cells in real-world conditions, but even more excited about how we might ultimately be able to apply this approach for chronic devices and lower the power management burden on patients and the healthcare system,” commented Prof. Tim Denison, Royal Academy of Engineering chair in emerging technologies and professor of Bioelectronics at the university of Oxford.

Bioelectronics are shaping the future of medicine, enabling personalized, precise, proactive therapies. This innovation drives demand for new power systems specifically designed for medical devices, which are reliable and efficient when operating in people, are long-lasting, and can meet the strict safety requirements set by regulators worldwide. GLUTRONICS seeks to address this critical need.

“A fascinating challenge will be to design a durable and manufacturable architecture that ensures we get practical power generation required by implantable devices,” said Prof. Patrick Degenaar, professor of Neuroprosthetics at Newcastle University and GLUTRONICS co-investigator.

Funded by U.K. Research & Innovation through the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), the project has received £2.1 million in support and will run until May 2028.

The project brings together a multidisciplinary team with expertise in material science, electrocatalysis, fuel cell technology, mathematical modelling, implantable electronics and clinical translation, and includes the industrial collaborator Amber Therapeutics.

The research will be validated through  in-vitro and in vivo trials that will simulate powering a cardiac device with energy demands exceeding 1µW, demonstrating the technology’s clinical potential.

Di Lorenzo’s research is focused on harnessing power from natural and underutilized sources, including soil and wastewater. As well as a professor in Bath’s Department of Chemical Engineering and a do-director of CBio, she is a member of the Institute for the Augmented Human and the Institute for Sustainability and Climate Change. She is also founder and the chief science officer of Bactery, a Bath spinout that creates devices to harvest energy from soil with bacteria naturally found in soil.