Retina Cell Breakthrough Could Help Treat Blindness

Scientists have found a possible breakthrough treatment for a common cause of blindness.

Anglia Ruskin University researchers led by Professor Barbara Pierscionek have been working on a way to successfully grow retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells that stay healthy and viable for up to 150 days. RPE cells sit just outside the neural part of the retina and, when damaged, can cause vision to deteriorate. 
 
It is the first time this technology, called “electrospinning,” has been used to create a three-dimensional scaffold on which the RPE cells could grow, and could revolutionize treatment for age-related macular degeneration, one of the world’s most common causes of vision loss.  
 
When the scaffold is treated with a steroid called fluocinolone acetonide, which protects against inflammation, the cells’ resilience appears to increase, promoting eye cell growth. These findings are important in developing ocular tissue to transplant into the eye. 
 
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness in the developed world and is expected to increase in the coming years due to an aging world population. Recent data predicts that 77 million Europeans will be diagnosed with some form of AMD by 2050. AMD can be caused by changes in the Bruch’s membrane, which supports the RPE cells, and breakdown of the choriocapillaris, the rich vascular bed that is adjacent to the other side of the Bruch’s membrane. 
 
In Western populations, the most common way sight deteriorates is due to an accumulation of lipid deposits called drusen, and the subsequent degeneration of parts of the RPE, the choriocapillaris and outer retina. In the developing world, AMD tends to be caused by abnormal blood vessel growth in the choroid and their subsequent movement into the RPE cells, leading to haemorrhaging, RPE or retinal detachment and scar formation. 
 
Replacing RPE cells is among several promising therapeutic options for treating vision loss conditions like AMD, and researchers have been working on efficient ways to transplant these cells into the eye. 
 
“This research has demonstrated, for the first time, that nanofibre scaffolds treated with the anti-inflammatory substance such as fluocinolone acetonide can enhance the growth, differentiation, and functionality of RPE cells,” said Pierscionek, deputy Dean (Research and Innovation) at Anglia Ruskin University. “In the past, scientists would grow cells on a flat surface, which is not biologically relevant. Using these new techniques. the cell line has been shown to thrive in the 3D environment provided by the scaffolds. This system shows great potential for development as a substitute Bruch’s membrane, providing a synthetic, non-toxic, biostable support for transplantation of the retinal pigment epithelial cells. Pathological changes in this membrane have been identified as a cause of eye diseases such as AMD, making this an exciting breakthrough that could potentially help millions of people worldwide.” 
 
The peer-reviewed, open-access research has been published in the journal Materials & Design and can be read here.