First Entirely Digital Clinical Trial Encourages Physical Activity

As little as a daily ping on your phone can boost physical activity, researchers from the Stanford University School of Medicine and their collaborators report in a new study.
 
 The finding comes by way of the first-ever entirely digital, randomized clinical trial, which sought to answer two overarching questions: Is it feasible to successfully run an entirely digital, randomized clinical trial? And is it possible to encourage people to exercise more by using a smartphone app?
 
The study, overseen by Euan Ashley, MBChB, DPhil, professor of medicine, of genetics and of biomedical data science at Stanford, shows that the answer to both questions is yes.
 
Ashley and his colleagues conducted a clinical trial using MyHeart Counts, an app he and other scientists at Stanford developed using technology support provided by Apple. The app, which was first deployed on smartphones in 2015, was launched to help track physical activity and other heart-related information, such as heart rate. Now, it’s the main tool for a full-on randomized clinical trial, including patient recruitment, consent and interventions. It also returns data to participants.
 
“In this digital era, we have to think of ways to engage people in their health,” he said. “The number of smartphone users these days is huge, and using an app to host the trial lets us tap into that population. If people are addicted to their phones, maybe we can also get them addicted to their health.”
 
On a weekly, rotating basis, the digital trial “prescribed” one of four simple interventions for each participant enrolled in MyHeart Counts—things like reminders to walk more or stand up. In the end, the prompts worked, although modestly so. Regardless of the type of intervention, Ashley and his team saw about a 10 percent increase in activity compared to the participants’ baselines.
 
A paper detailing the findings of this study published online Oct. 3 in Lancet Digital Health. Ashley is the senior author of the study. Lead authorship is shared by Stanford graduate student Anna Shcherbina and Steven Hershman, Ph.D., director of Stanford’s mHealth in cardiovascular medicine.
 
Mobile Motivation
About a year after the launch of the MyHeart Counts app, Ashley opened up enrollment for the clinical trial. Over about 18 months, 1075 participants enrolled and completed at least one intervention, and 493 completed the entire trial.
 
An 80 percent dropout rate would spell the end of most trials, but not in this one. “In the digital world, there’s quite a low bar for entry—you can sign up while you’re standing in line for coffee—so there’s a low bar for exiting a trial too,” Ashley said. A clinical trial of 100 people is considered normal, if not large, and even with the high dropout rate, the MyHeart Counts digital clinical trial ended up with about five times that number.
 
During the first week of the trial, participants lived their lives without extra instruction from the app. In this way, they established their own baseline and served as their own control. After the initial week, each participant was randomly assigned to one of four different “soft-touch” interventions: encouragement to take more steps; hourly reminders to stand up; instructions to read health guidelines from the American Heart Association; or personalized “e-coaching” that sent a daily message to participants based on their routine activities. Those who reported a more sedentary lifestyle might receive a message prompting a Sunday morning walk, while those who are naturally more active might receive encouragement to keep up consistent physical activity. Every week, participants completed a new intervention until they’d experienced all four.
 
Across almost 500 participants, the bump in activity—measured through step count—was modest—a 10 percent increase—but still statistically significant. “Sure, we would have rather seen a 300 percent increase, but with the light-touch interventions that we chose, it was probably never realistic to expect those numbers,” Ashley said. “But the main takeaway is that at end of the day, we find that there’s a real, small positive effect from these interventions.” And, he said, the study also serves as a template for all-digital randomized clinical trials in the future.
 
A Trend Toward Digital
Now, Ashley and his colleagues want to investigate further. In their next trial, they plan to ask more nuanced questions: How long do the participants keep up the extra steps? And, is it possible to enhance the results by either increasing the intensity of the intervention, tailoring the intervention to a person’s specific motivations, or lengthening the duration of the trial?
 
Down the line, Ashley sees value in personalizing the interventions more to an individual’s motivations and goals. “We don’t want to make it too complicated. And we aren’t ignoring the fact that even a single simple prompt did increase steps,” he said. “But different things motivate different people, and if we can play to that, it may help participants reach a new level of activity.”
 
Outside of future MyHeart Counts trials, Ashley and his team are starting to partner with other scientists to help them carry out their own digital clinical trials in areas such as heart transplant recovery and pulmonary hypertension. “Digital platforms allow us to connect directly to the patients in a way that’s more immediate and more extensive,” Ashley said. “And I think this type of more direct sensor-based measurement can not only help patients enhance their own health, but help doctors notice health issues early on and address them sooner.”
 
Other Stanford co-authors of the paper are Laura Lazzeroni, Ph.D., professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences and of biomedical data science; Abby King, Ph.D., professor of health research and policy and of medicine; postdoctoral scholars Jack O’Sullivan, DPhil, and Yasbanoo Moayedi, M.D.; clinical exercise physiologist Jeffrey Christle, Ph.D.; study coordinator Aleksandra Pavlovic; former research scientist Daryl Waggott; Abhinav Sharma, MD, Ph.D., former fellow in advanced heart failure and cardiac transplantation; Alan Yeung, M.D., professor of medicine; Matthew Wheeler, M.D., assistant professor of medicine; Michael McConnell, M.D., clinical professor of medicine; and Robert Harrington, M.D., professor and chair of medicine.
 
Researchers from the Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Verily Life Science, the University of California-San Diego, the University Health Network in Toronto and the University of Alberta also contributed to this study.
 
The study was funded by the American Heart Association and Alberta Innovates-Health Solutions. Technology support provided by Apple.
 
Stanford’s Department of Genetics also supported the work.