• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Opinions
    • Top 30
    • Research
    • Supply Chain
    • Device Sectors
    • Directory
    • Events
    • Resources
    • Microsites
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Opinions
  • Top 30
  • Research
  • Supply Chain
  • Device Sectors
  • Directory
  • Events
  • Resources
  • Microsites
  • Current / Back Issues
    Features
    Editorial
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Reprints
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    Top Features
    Seeking a Revolution in Clinical Care Through AI

    Diversifying Supply Chains: New Opportunities Post Pandemic and After Brexit

    Addition by Subtraction: The Latest of Machining for Medtech

    Innovation Incubators: An R&D Roundtable

    Virtual Allies: Electronics Manufacturing Services Providers Offer Real Solutions
    OEM News
    Supplier News
    Service / Press Releases
    Online Exclusives
    Press Releases
    People in the News
    Product & Service Releases
    Supplier News
    Medtech Makers
    Technical Features
    International News
    Videos
    Product & Service Releases
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Axonics Buys Contura to Expand to Stress Urinary Incontinence

    Nurx Appoints Chief Medical Officer

    Median Technologies, UC San Diego to Partner on AI-Based Medical Imaging Technology

    Novel Heart Failure Treatment Technology Scores Positive Trial Results

    New COVID-19 Saliva Test Also Can Detect Variants and Flu Viruses
    From the Editor
    Blogs
    Guest Opinions
    Top Opinions
    Seeking a Revolution in Clinical Care Through AI

    Diversifying Supply Chains: New Opportunities Post Pandemic and After Brexit

    Addition by Subtraction: The Latest of Machining for Medtech

    Innovation Incubators: An R&D Roundtable

    Virtual Allies: Electronics Manufacturing Services Providers Offer Real Solutions
    Top 30 Medical Device Companies
    Market Data
    White Papers
    Top Research
    Rethink Your Medtech ASC Strategy, Part 1

    Pandemic-Level Playing Field: How COVID-19 Made Space for Progress

    Tips for Reigniting Your MDR/IVDR Preparation

    Three Major Innovation Opportunities for Biomedical Textiles

    Use Vertical Integration to Increase Productivity, Drive Innovation
    3D/Additive Manufacturing
    Contract Manufacturing
    Electronics
    Machining & Laser Processing
    Materials
    Molding
    Packaging & Sterilization
    R&D & Design
    Software & IT
    Testing
    Tubing & Extrusion
    Cardiovascular
    Diagnostics
    Digital Health
    Neurological
    Patient Monitoring
    Surgical
    Orthopedics
    All Companies
    Categories
    Company Capabilities
    Add New Company
    Outsourcing Directory
    maxon

    Forefront Medical Technology

    Concise Engineering

    Creganna Medical, part of TE Connectivity

    Medicoil
    MPO Summit
    Industry Events
    Webinars
    Live From Show Event
    Industry Associations
    Videos
    Career Central
    eBook
    Slideshows
    Top Resources
    How Grant Funding Works and How It Can Help

    Refurbished Medical Equipment Testing and Certification Under the NEC

    Taking the First Step with Metal Components

    4 Trends Driving Medical Manufacturing in 2021

    Pioneering AI Solutions to Reinforce Healthcare Services
    Companies
    News Releases
    Product Releases
    Press Releases
    Product Spec Sheets
    Service Releases
    Case Studies
    White Papers
    Brochures
    Videos
    Outsourcing Directory
    maxon

    Medicoil

    Forefront Medical Technology

    Creganna Medical, part of TE Connectivity

    Concise Engineering
    • Magazine
      • Current/Back Issues
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Columns
      • Digital Editions
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • News
    • Directory
      • All Companies
      • ALL CATEGORIES
      • Industry Associations
      • Company Capabilities
      • Add Your Company
    • Supply Chain
      • 3D/Additive Manufacturing
      • Contract Manufacturing
      • Electronics
      • Machining & Laser Processing
      • Materials
      • Molding
      • Packaging & Sterilization
      • R&D & Design
      • Software & IT
      • Testing
      • Tubing & Extrusion
    • Device Sectors
      • Cardiovascular
      • Diagnostics
      • Digital Health
      • Neurological
      • Patient Monitoring
      • Surgical
      • Orthopedics
    • Top 30 Company Report
    • Expert Insights
    • Slideshows
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Resources
    • eBook
    • Infographics
    • Whitepapers
    • Research
      • White Papers
      • Case Studies
      • Product Spec Sheets
      • Market Data
    • MPO Summit
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Events
      • Webinars
    • Microsite
      • Companies
      • Product Releases
      • Product Spec Sheets
      • Services
      • White Papers / Tech Papers
      • Press Releases
      • Videos
      • Literature / Brochures
      • Case Studies
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise with Us
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Online Exclusives

    Let There Be Light: UV Disinfection Technology

    In this interview with UV-Concepts’ President, Jeremy Starkweather, he offers insights on the use of the technology in healthcare environments.

    Let There Be Light: UV Disinfection Technology
    The chamber is large enough to fit a wheelchair for disinfection. Image courtesy of UV-Concepts.
    Related CONTENT
    • Inventor of GORE-TEX Technology Dies at 83
    • SoftWave Cleared by FDA for Burn Wound Treatment
    • Avive Solutions Raises Additional $7 Million for Cardiac Arrest Response Technology
    • CarThera Enrolls First Melanoma Patient in SonoCloud Technology Trial
    • CardioMech Gains $18.5M Series A for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Technology
    Sean Fenske, Editor-in-Chief09.28.20
    Prior to the pandemic, healthcare-acquired infections were a serious concern. With insurance companies changing how such issues were reimbursed should patients get sick as a result (i.e., they weren’t reimbursing for it), it became even more critical for healthcare facilities to determine best practices for eliminating the risk as much as possible.

    Enter the COVID-19 pandemic. Disinfecting surfaces in the age of the pandemic brought about an even greater need. Hospitals had to not only prevent spread of the coronavirus among patients, but also had to ensure its own staff were safe. Demand for technologies that could eliminate the virus grew exponentially.

    UV-Concepts began offering UV-based disinfection technologies well before the pandemic hit, but in the face of coronavirus, their solution certain gained attention. Taking time to speak with MPO about the system, UV technologies, and infection control was Jeremy Starkweather, the president of UV-Concepts Inc.

    Sean Fenske: Can you please explain your UV technology and generally how it works?


    By completely surrounding portable medical equipment within a fully-enclosed, highly-reflective space the size of a photo booth, the UVE delivers a very precise dose into areas that would normally be challenging for traditional UV light systems. Image courtesy of UV-Concepts.
    Jeremy Starkweather: For its size, the UV-C Enclosure (UVE) is the fastest and most powerful UV-C technology in healthcare due to the dosage of UV light it delivers within a 60-second disinfection cycle. UV light is only effective if you can deliver the correct dosage to a surface, and that’s what the UVE does well. By completely surrounding portable medical equipment within a fully-enclosed, highly-reflective space the size of a photo booth, the UVE delivers a very precise dose into areas that would normally be challenging for traditional UV light systems.

    Due to the novel design, the UVE requires a shorter cycle time vs. other disinfection technologies, such as chemical disinfectants, hydrogen peroxide vapor, misting units, or electrostatic spraying units. These are effective platforms for certain applications but require much longer cycle times and chemical dwell times.

    Another distinction of the purpose built UVE platform: It can be used directly within an active work environment without disrupting daily workflow because it protects the outside environment from the disinfecting technology during the 60-second, automated cycle. A lot of other techniques either require you to seal off a room, or have special ventilation, plumbing, or electricity. That creates downtime in workflow efficiency because you may need to keep a room free of anything or any living person for an extended period of time.

    Fenske: Pre-COVID, what was the appeal of using UV technology in a healthcare setting?

    Starkweather: Well before the emergence of the pandemic, there were recognized risks and challenges with the disinfection of high touch surfaces and portable medical equipment (PME) in the healthcare setting.

    As early as the 1980s, infection control experts linked pathogens on the wheels of a wheelchair as the vector of transmission from one hospital ward to another Their observation was then quantified into two separate studies published in 2014 and 2018, which showed high rates of contamination on wheelchairs in a hospital environment. The first study found as much as 47 percent of the wheelchairs harbored C. difficile and MRSA—two strains of bacteria that can cause difficult-to-treat, if not life-threatening, infections in humans. Other researchers have identified multiple variabilities associated with the manual disinfection of PME; and following the results of another analysis, a team in Canada recommended improved management and protocols with dedicated personnel working on process management.

    Wheelchairs are just one example of the many high-touch pieces of equipment that move from multiple treatment areas and sensitive environments that can be a potential vector of transmission for infectious pathogens.

    Based on the clear evidence that a problem existed with the disinfection of PME, our team at UV-Concepts spent years developing an ecosystem solution comprised of the UVE, digital tags, and a cloud-based process management program. We’ve developed a broader strategy for the process and quality improvement of PME disinfection protocols that, before the pandemic, had unique utility, has tremendous utility now for the disinfection of PPE during the pandemic, and will continue to have utility well after the pandemic.

    Fenske: What has the interest been in the technology since the start of the pandemic?

    Starkweather: Since the start of the pandemic, interest in the UVE system has grown exponentially from our existing installation base of hospital customers. We’ve seen our current hospital clients expand their use of the UVE system to broader disinfection applications of medical equipment and personal protection equipment (PPE). We’re also now seeing an uptick in interest from non-healthcare sectors, such as first responders, professional sports teams, and corporations looking to protect their employees by disinfecting high touch surfaces and packages coming in and out of the office environment.

    Fenske: How effective is UV on surfaces exposed to COVID?

    Starkweather: Direct exposure to UV light is essential for disinfecting equipment, but the most important areas that need to receive light are the ones that are touched by hands, such as the handles on medical equipment or keyboards. The UVE exposes these high-touch areas of equipment with a UV-C dose that is powerful enough to kill even the most drug-resistant microorganisms, and on non-porous surfaces, the UVE delivers 20 times the energy needed to completely inactive coronaviruses.

    The UVE delivers about 380 mJ/cm2 of UV-C at 60 seconds, and in about 200 seconds, it delivers 1,000 mJ/cm2 of UV-C. We measure the UV-C dose from the middle of the UVE, which is the furthest distance away from the light sources. So, we know the exact dosage in the center of the UVE, and that gives us the confidence that anything closer to the lamps is receiving potentially an even higher dose.

    Fenske: Are there settings/technologies in a healthcare setting where UV can’t be used?

    Starkweather: UV-C is highly effective for the disinfection of non-porous, hard surfaces, but is less effective in disinfecting porous surfaces, such as fabrics. Other considerations are ensuring there’s a clear line of sight with UV-C to have a disinfecting effect.

    Fenske: Are medical device manufacturers looking to use UV technologies within their facilities? If so, how and why?

    Starkweather: We are talking to medical device companies and their equipment manufacturers about the compatibility of their device surfaces with UV-C disinfection, in terms of preserving the integrity of surfaces without degradation. One nice thing about UV light on hard surfaces is the depth of penetration of UV light is minimal. So pathogens are killed, without deeply going into the surface. We believe the UVE will have less of an impact on surface degradation than chemical disinfectants, which can have a hard impact on human skin and be especially harsh on surfaces.

    Fenske: Are there opportunities to incorporate UV technologies into medical devices?

    Starkweather: I think there are opportunities as UV-C LED technologies continue to develop. There are some UV-C LED companies that are pursuing niche application paths. As of now, UV-Concepts does not have plans underway.

    Fenske: What’s ahead for UV technologies? What do you foresee in five to ten years?

    Starkweather: What's ahead for UV-C light disinfection is the recognition that it's highly effective for many broad applications. Up until the last 10 years, it was primarily just used in air and water, and in the last 10 years, there’s been greater recognition of surface contamination and the effectiveness of UV-C disinfection. So, I think we’ll see greater adoption by many markets with healthcare being the most prominent one. Hopefully, that brings new ideas and new inventions to the table.

    Fenske: Do you have any additional comments or thoughts you’d like to share?

    Starkweather: UV-Concepts has the most powerful UV-C disinfecting platform in healthcare that is purpose built for medical equipment but has even broader applications in non-healthcare markets.

    The UVE has a robust protocol management platform that brings a level of automation, repeatability, and absolute consistency to the disinfection process. The system has an automated means of keeping track of disinfecting protocols for specific equipment, which has led to broader use and applications within hospitals, such as burn wards, transplant centers, and facilities where the most immune-compromised patients are surrounded by portable medical equipment for interventional and diagnostic use.

    The beauty about UVE is you can train hundreds of people to use it, and they will use it the exact same way every single time. So you don't have to be an expert in environmental cleaning to use our product. You need to be able to walk up and swipe your badge to start the unit.
    Suggested For You
    Inventor of GORE-TEX Technology Dies at 83 Inventor of GORE-TEX Technology Dies at 83
    SoftWave Cleared by FDA for Burn Wound Treatment SoftWave Cleared by FDA for Burn Wound Treatment
    Avive Solutions Raises Additional $7 Million for Cardiac Arrest Response Technology Avive Solutions Raises Additional $7 Million for Cardiac Arrest Response Technology
    CarThera Enrolls First Melanoma Patient in SonoCloud Technology Trial CarThera Enrolls First Melanoma Patient in SonoCloud Technology Trial
    CardioMech Gains $18.5M Series A for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Technology CardioMech Gains $18.5M Series A for Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Technology
    FDA Grants Breakthrough Device Designation for Ethicon’s Microwave Ablation Technology FDA Grants Breakthrough Device Designation for Ethicon’s Microwave Ablation Technology
    UV-Concepts Launches UV-C Enclosure UV-Concepts Launches UV-C Enclosure
    Lessons Learned: Supply Chain Resiliency in the Face of Unplanned Events Lessons Learned: Supply Chain Resiliency in the Face of Unplanned Events
    Paige Secures an Additional $15M from Goldman Sachs Paige Secures an Additional $15M from Goldman Sachs
    Catheter Ablation Technology and the Circular Economy Catheter Ablation Technology and the Circular Economy
    Researchers 3D Print Sensors Directly onto Organs Researchers 3D Print Sensors Directly onto Organs
    Avoiding the Ripple Effect of Bad Data: Humans and Machines Avoiding the Ripple Effect of Bad Data: Humans and Machines
    One Drop Unveils New AI Predictions for CGM Users One Drop Unveils New AI Predictions for CGM Users
    Surmodics Receives CE Mark for Drug Coated Balloon Surmodics Receives CE Mark for Drug Coated Balloon
    New Materials Impact the Medical Technology Outsourcing Market New Materials Impact the Medical Technology Outsourcing Market

    Related Online Exclusives

    • How Grant Funding Works and How It Can Help

      How Grant Funding Works and How It Can Help

      Gaining additional funds for a medical device project can go a long way for a company in the early stages of development.
      Libby Hikind, Founder & CEO, GrantWatch.com 03.01.21

    • Electronics | Testing
      Refurbished Medical Equipment Testing and Certification Under the NEC

      Refurbished Medical Equipment Testing and Certification Under the NEC

      The National Electric Code (NEC) has been updated to better ensure refurbished or reconditioned products' safety and performance.
      L. Matthew Snyder, Director of Certification, Intertek 02.25.21

    • Contract Manufacturing | Machining & Laser Processing
      Taking the First Step with Metal Components

      Taking the First Step with Metal Components

      With a foundation in stamping and machining services, Hobson & Motzer offers a revolutionary approach to new product development.
      Sean Fenske, Editor-in-Chief 02.19.21


    • 4 Trends Driving Medical Manufacturing in 2021

      4 Trends Driving Medical Manufacturing in 2021

      Manufacturers across the sector had to manage disruptions last year, but economists say recovery may begin soon.
      Emily Newton, Editor-in-Chief, Revolutionized 02.16.21

    • Diagnostics | Digital Health | Software & IT
      Pioneering AI Solutions to Reinforce Healthcare Services

      Pioneering AI Solutions to Reinforce Healthcare Services

      Can AI live up to its hype in the healthcare landscape?
      Sunil Jha, Senior Research Content Developer, Global Market Insights 02.12.21

    • The 8 Major Types of PPE Supply Chain Fraud

      The 8 Major Types of PPE Supply Chain Fraud

      Medical device manufacturers need to be aware of what’s happening within the space if they are making protection equipment themselves.
      Richie M. Hecker, Managing Director, TS Health Supplies Division, Traction & Scale LLC 02.10.21


    • Digital Health
      Evolving Trends in the Medical and Orthopedic Devices Industry

      Evolving Trends in the Medical and Orthopedic Devices Industry

      There are a number of areas worth keeping an eye on within medtech in 2021 and beyond.
      Jacqueline Trovato, Healthcare/Legal Writer 02.09.21

    • Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Near-Sourcing Will Gain Traction

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Near-Sourcing Will Gain Traction

      Philip Katen of Plastikos believes medical device manufacturers will look to local sources for manufacturing and component needs.
      Philip Katen, General Manager and President, Plastikos, Plastikos Medical, and Micro Mold 02.03.21

    • Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Expect Supply Chain Security to Increase

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Expect Supply Chain Security to Increase

      Dr. Mark Ostwald of Freudenberg Medical speaks to the changes to the supply chain as well as the benefits realized in communication options.
      Dr. Mark Ostwald, President—Minimally Invasive Solutions and Europe, Freudenberg Medical 02.03.21


    • Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: For Manufacturers, Flexibility Is Key

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: For Manufacturers, Flexibility Is Key

      MICRO’s Steve Santoro comments on how medtech suppliers need to be nimble and solution-oriented for customers to ensure success.
      Steve Santoro, Executive Vice President, MICRO 02.03.21

    • Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Collaboration Tools Mean Stronger Partnerships

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Collaboration Tools Mean Stronger Partnerships

      Aaron Johnson of Accumold shares his thoughts on how new ways of connecting will result in better relationships in the supply chain.
      Aaron Johnson, Vice President of Marketing and Customer Strategy, Accumold 02.03.21

    • Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Use Lessons Learned from EUAs

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Use Lessons Learned from EUAs

      Curtis Hawkins of Canon Virginia hopes to see changes established from lessons learned during the pandemic to improve processes.
      Curtis Hawkins, Vice President—Business Operations Group, Canon Virginia Inc. 02.03.21


    • Diagnostics
      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Improvements in Diagnostics Technologies

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Improvements in Diagnostics Technologies

      Christian Herrild of Teel Plastics expects better sample collection and diagnostic elements as wide-scale testing enhancements emerge.
      Christian Herrild, Dir. Growth Strategies, Teel Plastics 02.03.21

    • Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Communication Changes to Stay

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Communication Changes to Stay

      MicroSpec’s Tim Steele sees advantages to the way communication was accomplished during the pandemic.
      Tim Steele, Founder/Owner, MicroSpec Corporation 02.03.21

    • Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Implement Best Practices from Rapid Response

      Perspectives on Post-Pandemic: Implement Best Practices from Rapid Response

      maxon's Peter van Beek recognizes the lessons learned from the urgent need of critical components could aid future supply.
      Peter van Beek, Business Development Manager—Medical, maxon 02.03.21


    Trending
    • Hardy Diagnostics Releases Rapid Test For COVID-19
    • Portable, Home-Use Device Quickly Measures Inflammation Levels
    • 5 Ways Plastics Revolutionized The Healthcare Industry
    • 7 Considerations For Designing Medical Device Mechanisms
    • How Grant Funding Works And How It Can Help
    Breaking News
    • Axonics Buys Contura to Expand to Stress Urinary Incontinence
    • Nurx Appoints Chief Medical Officer
    • Median Technologies, UC San Diego to Partner on AI-Based Medical Imaging Technology
    • Novel Heart Failure Treatment Technology Scores Positive Trial Results
    • New COVID-19 Saliva Test Also Can Detect Variants and Flu Viruses
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    January/February 2021

    • Seeking a Revolution in Clinical Care Through AI
    • Diversifying Supply Chains: New Opportunities Post Pandemic and After Brexit
    • Addition by Subtraction: The Latest of Machining for Medtech
    • Innovation Incubators: An R&D Roundtable
    • Virtual Allies: Electronics Manufacturing Services Providers Offer Real Solutions
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    Martin Bauer Group Acquires Majority Stake in Beverage Company Power Brands
    Gencor Announces Positive Results in VeriSperse Bioavailability Study
    PanTheryx Inc. Acquires TruBiotics Brand from Bayer HealthCare LLC
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Mule-Hide Products Co. Promotes Steven Litaker to Territory Manager
    Terra Firma, Wanhua Announce New Distribution Partnership
    Gelest CEO Elected to National Academy of Engineering
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    Axonics Buys Contura to Expand to Stress Urinary Incontinence
    Nurx Appoints Chief Medical Officer
    Median Technologies, UC San Diego to Partner on AI-Based Medical Imaging Technology
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    J&J’s Single-Dose COVID-19 Vax Issued EUA
    Icon to Acquire PRA Health Sciences
    Phlow Corp. and USP Form Alliance
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Universal Engraving Announces New President
    Raw Sugar Living Expands to Target with New Collection
    Supporting Female Beauty Brand Founders on International Women's Day
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    ACI and CBC Launch Webpage About ‘Quats’
    L’Occitane Launches Hand Cream Inspired by Women
    Kiehl’s Partners with Gyrl Wonder
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Access Direct Mail Doubles Revenue with SCREEN's Truepress Jet520HD
    Etiflex Enters New Markets with Nilpeter FA-22 Installation
    Hydrocarbon Solvents Market to Surpass $8.1 Billion by 2030
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    TLMI analyzes pandemic's effect on label industry in new report
    UEI names Ross Hutchison president
    Schreiner MediPharm and AARDEX partner for clinical trials
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    U.S. Nonwovens Rebrands as Radienz Living
    What You’re Reading on Nonwovens-Industry.com
    Texas Medical Technology Partners with My Protect Kit
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Pandemic Pain: NuVasive's 2020 Sales Fall 10 Percent
    Fusion Robotics Receives FDA Clearance for Spinal Navigation and Robotics System
    Kaia Health Unveils Next-Gen Complete MSK Care Solutions
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    Comercial Kywi Improves Customer Service, Front-Store Operations with Zebra Mobile Solution
    Global Printed Circuit Board Market Projected to Reach $69.32 Billion by 2027
    Global Smart Glass Market to Register 6.8% CAGR Between 2021-28: Grand View Research

    Copyright © 2021 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login