Frontiers06.13.19
Swedish scientists say that eating disorders should be considered just that—eating disorders, rather than mental disorders. The proof, they say, is in the eating.
"Anorexic patients can normalize their eating rate by adjusting food intake to feedback from a smartphone app," said Professor Per Sodersten, lead author of an article in Frontiers in Neuroscience defending his pioneering method. "And in contrast to failing standard treatments, most regain a normal body weight, their health improves, and few relapse."
The approach is based on the theory that slow eating and excessive physical exertion, both hallmarks of anorexia, are evolutionarily conserved responses to short food supply that can be triggered by dieting—and reversed by practicing normal eating.
Which Came First: The Diet or the Anorexia?
Attempts to treat anorexia as a mental illness have largely failed, claim the authors.
"The standard treatment worldwide, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), targets cognitive processes thought to maintain the disorder. The rate of remission from eating disorders is at most 25 percent one year after CBT, with unknown outcomes in the long-term. Psychoactive drugs have proven even less effective."
According to Sodersten, we need to flip the perspective: to target eating behaviors that maintain dysfunctional cognitive processes.
"This new perspective is not so new: nearly 40 years ago, it was realized that the conspicuous high physical activity of anorexia is a normal, evolutionarily conserved response—i.e., foraging for food when it is in short supply—that can be triggered dietary restriction.
"In striking similarity to human anorexics, rats and mice given food only once a day begin to increase their running activity and decrease their food intake further to the point at which they lose a great deal of body weight and can eventually die."
More recently, the theory has been elaborated and validated by studies of brain function.
"We find that chemical signaling in the starved brain supports the search for food, rather than eating itself," reported Sodersten.
How to Eat
To prove that the evolutionary perspective works in practice, Sodersten and his team have put their money where their (patient's) mouth is. Their private clinics—which reinvest 100 percent of profits into research and development—are now the largest provider of eating disorders services in Sweden.
"We first proposed teaching anorexics to eat back in 1996. At the time, it was thought that this was misplaced and even dangerous; today, no-one can treat patients with eating disorders in the Region of Stockholm without a program for restoring their eating behavior."
At the Mandometer clinics, the control of eating behavior is outsourced to a machine that provides feedback on how quickly to eat.
"Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to their smartphone. The scale records the weight loss of the plate during the meal, and via an app creates a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating," explains Sodersten. "At regular intervals, a rating scale appears on the screen and the subject is asked to rate their feeling of fullness."
"A reference curve for eating rate and a reference curve for the feeling of fullness are also displayed on the screen of the smartphone. The subject can thus adapt their own curves in real time to the reference curves, which are based on eating behavior recorded in healthy controls."
Through this feedback, patients learn to visualize what normal portions of food look like and how to eat at a normal rate.
Satisfying Results
The method has now been used to treat over 1500 patients to remission by practicing eating.
"The rate of remission is 75 percent in on average one year of treatment, the rate of relapse is 10 percent over five years of follow-up and no patient has died."
This appears to be a vast improvement compared to the current best standard treatment of CBT. All the more so, considering that overall Sodersten's patients started off sicker than average.
"The difference in outcome is so big that, according to our medical statistician, a randomized control trial [RCT] is now redundant. Nevertheless, we invite a head-to-head RCT by independent researchers—so far, there are no takers."
"Anorexic patients can normalize their eating rate by adjusting food intake to feedback from a smartphone app," said Professor Per Sodersten, lead author of an article in Frontiers in Neuroscience defending his pioneering method. "And in contrast to failing standard treatments, most regain a normal body weight, their health improves, and few relapse."
The approach is based on the theory that slow eating and excessive physical exertion, both hallmarks of anorexia, are evolutionarily conserved responses to short food supply that can be triggered by dieting—and reversed by practicing normal eating.
Which Came First: The Diet or the Anorexia?
Attempts to treat anorexia as a mental illness have largely failed, claim the authors.
"The standard treatment worldwide, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), targets cognitive processes thought to maintain the disorder. The rate of remission from eating disorders is at most 25 percent one year after CBT, with unknown outcomes in the long-term. Psychoactive drugs have proven even less effective."
According to Sodersten, we need to flip the perspective: to target eating behaviors that maintain dysfunctional cognitive processes.
"This new perspective is not so new: nearly 40 years ago, it was realized that the conspicuous high physical activity of anorexia is a normal, evolutionarily conserved response—i.e., foraging for food when it is in short supply—that can be triggered dietary restriction.
"In striking similarity to human anorexics, rats and mice given food only once a day begin to increase their running activity and decrease their food intake further to the point at which they lose a great deal of body weight and can eventually die."
More recently, the theory has been elaborated and validated by studies of brain function.
"We find that chemical signaling in the starved brain supports the search for food, rather than eating itself," reported Sodersten.
How to Eat
To prove that the evolutionary perspective works in practice, Sodersten and his team have put their money where their (patient's) mouth is. Their private clinics—which reinvest 100 percent of profits into research and development—are now the largest provider of eating disorders services in Sweden.
"We first proposed teaching anorexics to eat back in 1996. At the time, it was thought that this was misplaced and even dangerous; today, no-one can treat patients with eating disorders in the Region of Stockholm without a program for restoring their eating behavior."
At the Mandometer clinics, the control of eating behavior is outsourced to a machine that provides feedback on how quickly to eat.
"Subjects eat food from a plate that sits on a scale connected to their smartphone. The scale records the weight loss of the plate during the meal, and via an app creates a curve of food intake, meal duration and rate of eating," explains Sodersten. "At regular intervals, a rating scale appears on the screen and the subject is asked to rate their feeling of fullness."
"A reference curve for eating rate and a reference curve for the feeling of fullness are also displayed on the screen of the smartphone. The subject can thus adapt their own curves in real time to the reference curves, which are based on eating behavior recorded in healthy controls."
Through this feedback, patients learn to visualize what normal portions of food look like and how to eat at a normal rate.
Satisfying Results
The method has now been used to treat over 1500 patients to remission by practicing eating.
"The rate of remission is 75 percent in on average one year of treatment, the rate of relapse is 10 percent over five years of follow-up and no patient has died."
This appears to be a vast improvement compared to the current best standard treatment of CBT. All the more so, considering that overall Sodersten's patients started off sicker than average.
"The difference in outcome is so big that, according to our medical statistician, a randomized control trial [RCT] is now redundant. Nevertheless, we invite a head-to-head RCT by independent researchers—so far, there are no takers."
